Addressing Religion and Spirituality in Therapy

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Religion and spirituality (R/S) are often strong contributors to our values, behaviors, and well-being. Yet, despite their importance, R/S are frequently overlooked and/or undifferentiated in psychological training and practice. All too often, psychologists do not view R/S as a critical dimension of multiculturalism or intersectionality. R/S issues are typically neither discussed during therapy sessions nor included in assessment and treatment planning.

When R/S is considered in research, it is often reduced to a single item on religious affiliation, failing to capture the complexity and depth of individuals' spiritual lives. This dynamic is further complicated by the absence of an agreed-upon set of spiritual competencies or training guidelines. Without a clear R/S psychological framework, educators and practitioners are left without direction on how to integrate R/S into their work effectively.

However, our failure to acknowledge the potential importance of R/S for both those who identify as religious or spiritual as well as those who do not may likely limit the therapeutic alliance and treatment effectiveness for a large segment of the population. Moreover, R/S can be particularly important for groups that experience multiple minority stressors such as those who identify as LGBTQ+, cultural minorities, and immigrants. R/S can provide coping mechanisms, a sense of purpose, and community support, all of which contribute to overall well-being.

There is much discussion in the field regarding how clinical training programs and accreditation standards can be modified to incorporate R/S—and we are now faced with the challenge of answering this call to action on a professional level. However, there is limited discussion regarding how clients can agentively self-advocate for the inclusion of R/S within their own course of treatment. Perhaps this is because the field of psychology is unprepared at the moment to meet this need, or perhaps this lack of client education stems from our own insecurities regarding client self-advocacy within treatment settings. Either way, it is time for change—and those who are seeking treatment can be active agents in advocating for a more R/S-inclusive field of psychology.

Religion and spirituality are vital aspects of human diversity. By integrating R/S into training, research, and clinical practice, psychologists can provide more holistic and culturally competent care. Addressing this gap is not just a professional responsibility—it is a recognition of the profound ways in which R/S can contribute to identities, relationships, and mental health. As we move toward a more inclusive and comprehensive approach to psychological practice, let us ensure that R/S are integrated into our intersectional treatment landscape.